Principle of Marketing Essay using SWOT Example

Principle of Marketing Essay using SWOT Example Principle of Marketing Essay using SWOT – Essay Example 1-Develop a SWOT for this new product. Make sure to have at least two items under each section. Strengths: Advantages from new design proprietary know-how First mover advantages Weaknesses: High business start-up costs Untested market demand Opportunities New product attracts investors who can boost your cash flow, production capacity, and marketing budget and so on. You can surprise competitors Threats Vulnerable to reactive attack by major competitors Emergence of substitute products 2. After you complete the SWOT, what two additional forms of research should you do, and why? a) Porter’s five forces analysis: This will help you analyze the kite-making industry so that you can be able to stake out a position that is more profitable and less vulnerable to attack from competitors (Porter, 2008). b) Value chain analysis: This helps the firm identify its core competencies and the activities in the value chain that it can do to create a sustainable competitive advantage either through cost advantage or differentiation. 3. Based on your SWOT, who might two target audiences be for your new kite? Advertising firms that use kites as moving billboards Traditional kite consumers 4. What would be two marketing objectives you develop for your plan? To build a customer database of at least 200,000 in the next 12 months. To achieve a return on investments (ROI) of at least 20 % 5. Define and explain the four elements of the marketing mix that you would suggest for this new product. Base your answers to 1, 2, 3, and 4 above. a) Product: The product is the tangible kite that will be offered for sale. Kites are generally multi-shaped and multi-colored thus we shall give a provision for mass customization of the kites based on customer taste. We shall accommodate for common shapes for small orders and be more flexible for larger orders so as to maximize on economies of scale. b) Price: This determines the products profit margins. We shall commence with a skimming price strategy so as to maximize on profit margins before competitors come up with substitute products. We shall give discounts for large purchases and for advertising firms so that they can increase the buzz about our product. c) Promotion: this determines how we shall spread the word about our product to increase consumer interest and eventual sales and market share. Our first strategy would be to issue discounts to advertising firms so that they use our kites as mobile billboards. We shall also participate in town fairs, festivals and set up spots around parks and beaches to gain both visibility and sales. d) Place: this determines where we shall make the kites and how we shall distribute them to the final consumer. In this case, we shall only have one manufacturing site and utilize the internet as a retail store. We shall partner with a courier service to deliver orders around the country. We shall not venture abroad in the first few months to reduce logistics costs. 6. Explain two ways you can evaluate the success of your plan (based on your objectives). After 12 months we will look at the number of customers we have in our database. If the number slightly exceeds 200,000 then we have succeeded. If the numbers have exceeded by 100,000 or more then we had done poor evaluations. If the number of customers is less than 200,000 then we have failed in our plan. We will use a similar criterion to the one above to evaluate our success based on the ROI. 7. It has been one year, and you are finally making a few dollars. You realize that an important part of your marketing plan is going to include corporate social responsibility. Keeping in mind your product, give at least two specific examples of what you can do, and two specific reasons why your company would benefit. a) Firstly, we will sponsor an event named â€Å"Keep kids outdoors†. This will be an outdoor summer festival for children where they will compete on designing, making and flying kites and other outdoor activities. This will benefit our company in three ways: (1) encouraging kids to play outside will increase the demand for our kites; (2) promoting a healthy lifestyle will increase our brand image in the minds of the purchasers who are mostly parents and guardians; and (3) the more healthy kids there are the bigger the market for our products. b) Secondly, we will start producing kites made of bio-degradable materials. The benefits of this will be: (1) we get lee-way to charge a premium price for our products, and (2) we improve our brand image as an eco-friendly brand. 8. It has been three years, and you are a success! You decide to expand beyond the US. Discuss two marketing issues you would need to address if you decide to sell your kite globally, and how you could avoid them. a) In marketing abroad the two major issues will be product and distribution. In product certain cultures abroad may abhor how we are currently packaging or presenting our products e.g. a culture may prohibit flying of black kites. To tackle this we will engage a marketing consultancy with a regional strength to give us guidance on the cultural norms of the new target market. b) On the other hand, distribution will also be a challenge because the costs of production and dispatch across the seas may be either too costly or take too long before the product arrives at the destination. However, since ours is still a proprietary technology we will partner with a local manufacturer who will be issued with pre-packed materials so that all that they do is to assemble the kite into the desired shape. 9. You become a huge success selling directly to consumers. You are approached by WindWing, an international kite manufacturer. They would like to purchase your kites to resell as part of their kite line. What will be the similarities and differences between selling to WindWing (an organizational buyer) and directly to the ultimate consumer? Name at least two similarities and two differences. Similarities: In both instances we have to provide excellent after sales service and customer support. They both require well-crafted, targeted marketing that will communicate our companies value-proposition eloquently. Differences In selling directly to consumers we simplify the buying process to a single step while in selling to WindWing the process may have several steps to accommodate for credit facilities, reverse-auctions and so on. In selling directly to customer we maximize on the value of the transaction since it may be one-time whereas in selling to WindWing we maximize on the value of the relationship so as to make it long-term. References Porter, M. E. (2008). The Five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review Online, R0801E, 1-18. 

The Time Machine by HG Wells Paper Essays

The Time Machine by HG Wells Paper Essays The Time Machine by HG Wells Paper Paper The Time Machine by HG Wells Paper Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Time Machine In the novel The Time Machine by H. G. Wells, there are numerous adventures that the main character, the Time Traveler, experiences in his quest for knowledge. From his ideas of an fourth dimension, to is search for a modern utopia, and his ever relenting question of what the future is going to be like. In the novel the Time Traveler tells his acquaintances about his idea of a fourth dimension and his time machine. He believes that there is a fourth dimension running next to all the other three. This fourth dimension is the dimension of time. He believes that if one understands this dimension then one will be able to travel in it just like everyone travels in the rest of the three. That is the main principle for the idea of time travel and there is no difference between Time and any of the three dimensions of space except that our consciousness moves along with it(Wells 3). He is also very interested in the idea of time travel and long ago he had a vague inkling of a machine(Wells 6). His main and very sound reason to build this machine and experiment with his fourth dimension is one of wonder and one of curiosity. The Time Traveler wants to know what is going to happen to the human race during the future of society. He is also searching a modern utopia, one of happiness and delightfulness, where people can live in harmony. However on his quest this fantasy becomes a nightmare when he learns of the world in the future. Which is one of a failed utopia but is rather a dystopian nightmare(Partington 4). What he has been looking for has not been answered in the future and he must keep on going which will not help his search for answers any more than his time her in the year eight hundred two thousand, seven hundred and one. During his ride into the future he sees many interesting and astonishing things that totally astonishes him. From his machine he sees huge buildings with intricate parapets and tall columns(Wells 27). He also watches towers collapse, the sky turn gray, watch it rain and snow and also watch things grow all from the comfort of his time machine. Eventually he realized that he should witness this first hand. So he entered a new world, an utopian society(Partington 3) but to his amaze he found nothing like he expected to witness. He panicked and went back to his machine because the Time Traveler was overwhelmed with this new civilization. Eventually when he arrives in the year 802,701 he finds these humanoid like creatures, which he, the Time Traveler, calls Eloi. They are frail and have a certain childlike ease(Wells 30) and have small red lips. They however, are weird to look at, but are extremely friendly and they realize that the Time Traveler has no cruel intentions toward these frail childlike creatures(McConnell 5). The Time Traveler believes that these creatures are direct descendants of humans and rule this planet. However he comes soon to find out that there are creatures that the Eloi call Morlocks. They are cruel, vicious and uninhibited creatures with a burning desire for the flesh of the Eloi. (Kumar 3), these disgusting creatures have hardly any eyes, a big flat nose, and long dreaded hair, almost ape like features. They are also nocturnal hunters and the Eloi are very afraid of them, the Time Traveler is however amazed by them. He believes that these Morlocks are indeed subterranean races, which are fast, strong and incredibly agile. During the novel the Tim Traveler comes across these creatures of this new world, which are the Eloi and the Morlocks. His first hypothesis is when he first encounters the Eloi he believes that they are the sole descendants of the modern human race. The reason he believes this is because of the fact that they look like modern day humans and they have all the signatures of a human being in a pastoral community(Huntington 4). From their eyes, nose, lips and hair they look very similar to the modern human of today. His second hypothesis is a sound one but flawed because of the fact that he does not know the nature of this new world. He after somewhat proving that indeed the Eloi were descendants of the human race is that he then considers the Eloi the lords of a class divided earth in which they hold the subterranean Morlocks in subjection. The reason he believes this is because at the time he does not know how powerful the Morlocks truly are and how they use the Eloi as food for there survival, and how they engage in a cannibalistic right(Beilharz 2) for the survival of this much under civilized race and but highly physically developed race. His third hypothesis is that in fact then he realizes that this world is a class divided earth on the verge of Morlockian uprising. The reason he believes this and also the other hypothesis, which is that the Morlocks were the ascending race on the earth at that time, is because he sees all the carnage that the Morlocks bring. He finally realizes that indeed these Morlocks are the superior race and also finds it ironical that the Eloi are the weaker of the two but are living atop the Morlocks. The reason the Morlocks are superior, at least in the Time Travelers mind, is because of the pure and simple fact that the Morlocks are stronger than the Eloi. The only thing in the Time Travelers mind that the Eloi have over the Morlocks is that they are a much more intelligent race who can think for themselves who in the Morlocks case seemed to be controlled by something much different. Also the Time Traveler also believes that he is witnessing a battle between good of the upper earth, with all its beauty and simplicity, against the darkness and cannibalistic nature of the evil underground of the earth. The Eloi in the Time Travelers mind are the good and righteous people that the Time Traveler was looking for in a utopian society(Partington 2). While he believes that the Morlocks are the cruel monsters that are destroying the stunning planet and so called utopia that he has arrived at. In the Time Travelers mind he believed that this was a fight between the strong and the weak, which the strong were winning. He after finding his time machine traveled far more into the future. He would witness and be attacked by these huge giant crabs that had huge claws, mouths, eyes and who were very violent towards him. He however escapes from this violent place and then he goes farther into the future. Where to his amazement is a barren and hot wasteland with a huge black blob wit tentacles in his eyesight. Also as he looks up he sees that another planet was eclipsing the sun and that it seemed to be falling towards the earth. After he sees this he returns home because he cannot bear to go any further because he fears that there will be no planet left to explore. As he returns his guests are waiting him for dinner. He is very rude towards them and is very hungry and thirsty and refuses to tell them where he has been all this time. He then tells them that he needs to go clean up and then continues to tell them his tales. Afterwards everyone leaves and he gets on his machine and goes into the future and never again returns to his time. All in all the Time Traveler was a strong and very curious genius who in his search for truth came across agony, pain and also a sense of truth. He figured out his question and also proved everyone wrong who doubted him by traveling in his fourth dimension of time.

The e-learning community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The e-learning community - Essay Example This site is reminiscent of many other open source code sites, provides a mixture of community information areas for those who are developers and those who simply want to understand what Moodle is about. Like many open source website, there are continual downloads and as such are constantly updated on a regular basis. The site does presents a very balanced view as it is open source software, it is open to the internet community as a whole. This is an excellent way to continually improve a site with respect to having developers add to the source code as well as reporting and helping, in some cases, to fix bugs that affect the software. The site was extremely easy to navigate due to it's simple site architecture in place. It has general areas that all sites require and conforms to the standards required by open source code sites. The site is very crisp and clean and is not overly complicated with respect to needing to go where you need to. Navigation is extremely well thought out. The site is clean, and not overcrowded by site advertising and lets you find the areas that the visitor needs to go to. The menu system to the left of the site is extremely easy to navigate and, for example, if you do to documentation, that is the first and only place you need to go to find every piece of documentation you would need to find. This style of site allows for the average user looking for a solution to easily understand what they want without being crowded out by technical language. 5. How the site could be improved. I would only say the site only needs improvement in understanding what the open source software is exactly. Moodle gives you a "welcome to moodle", but, unless you are familiar with open source code and what it is about, it is impossible to understand the technical language. Although they provide links to the different definitions of terminology, an unfamiliar and non-technical person may turn away from this site. It would also be helpful to use dynamic flash images or pages instead of static images that don't lend to an overly receptive front page, or, for that matter, cascading sheets. atutor.ca site This website is entirely formatted and styled after the Microsoft site in its arrangement of the menu system and overall style sheets. 1. What information did the site cover, e.g. did it try to present a summary of the facts or did it also give opinions Did it try to give complete and up- to-date coverage, or did it appear to be selective The site is entirely composed of presenting to the visitor what the open source web-based software is inclusive of and as such provides a very good description of what it is representing. As with many open source sites, this too, like Moodle, has continual updates on a daily basis to any fixes to the code itself or those that report a problem they can track it in the documentation section. 2. Did the site present a balanced view or did it represent one perspective The site does

BUS Unit 3 Final Submission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUS Unit 3 Final Submission - Essay Example The author thereby recommends establishing appropriate trade system laws which will prevent conflict between international organizations and national interests. In general, the article was able to answer the questions in a concise, but substantive, manner. The essay was able to clearly explain the different threats of international trade to workers. The first threat is the heavy reliance on trade which can undermine the economy and damage employment opportunities; second is the threat of losing comparative advantage which can consequently negatively affect the employment sector; and, third is the oppressive and exploitative working conditions that international trade demands. The author then brings in a suitable solution to these problems—a policymaking process that focuses on workers’ health and safety. However, the essay failed to explain the other side of international trade, which is its benefits to workers, especially to those living in underdeveloped countries. In an expository essay, it is important to take into consideration both sides of the

Methods research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Methods research - Assignment Example Each of the 500 respondents will fill a questionnaire with 30 questions. The questionnaire will be based on a 5-point Likert type scale and ordinal scale with open-ended answers being measured using non-ordinal scale. Prior permission for interview will be obtained from the randomly selected schools. The respondents will only be allowed to participate after agreeing to the consent form. A pilot study will be conducted by randomly selecting a sample of 30 participants; 15 male and 15 female. Necessary adjustments will be made based on the outcome of the pilot study to assure validity and reliability of the research. The research assistants will administer the questionnaires to obtain the primary data. The researcher will administer both closed ended an open-ended questions through personal interview. The closed ended questions will be administered first. The open-ended questions will be administered afterword with an aim of clarifying some of the responses from the closed ended

Three Key Learnings Essay Example for Free

Three Key Learnings Essay This course had been a strong push for me in my career as it has given me the key skills that I needed to face the challenges that I am to face as a professional individual in my field of interest. Undeniably, the skills that I have learned made me more confident in handling real hands-on-basis activities that are to be presented to me in the actual field of work that I am to undergo. These skill enhancements have certainly made me more confident in presenting software that would be much helpful in the field of technological development in the society today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The qualitative research elements that have been presented to us through this course made me more knowledgeable in handling new era developments in the field of Computer Technology. Improving the existing computer software being used today has become one of the main goals that I have set for myself because of the exposure that I had with qualitative research approach studies. Undermining the different strengths and weaknesses of the existing computer programs today has made me greatly interested the process of enhancing and developing more sophisticated programs that would appear much helpful in the process of improving the systems of the current computer technology situation in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of analyzing other sets of studies that aim to present the different details about several software-programs prepared to present the pros and the cons of the systems in actual applications, this course has made me more confident in the presentations that I am making to be able to handle several analysis reports. Undeniably, this course me more dependable and a lot more competent in my field of study as I am now able to become more practically critical with the works that I am presenting to the officials of my profession and to the public as well. This course actually gave me a clear view on what grave responsibilities I am about to take in as I take steps forward in accepting this profession. True, facing a highly technological world is a huge responsibility for individuals such as my type. But with the right skills and right disposition in facing the challenges of the profession that I am to accept, the said responsibilities could be well performed for the betterment of the larger population of the human society that I am about to serve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the part of synthesizing the studies that are further performed to help in the process of computer technology’s development for the present world of commerce and world connections, I have been able to see the difference of simply understanding the issue from that of directly making solutions for the issues that are concerned with the current computer applications used today. I have learned that seeing deeply in the problem is one particular key that enhances the analysis of the programs thus equipping the analysts the needed understanding that they have to posses to be able to deal with the issues of the system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, from this course, I was able to recognize what it is that I have to deal with in facing the major issues concerned with computer technology today. Through the skills that I have learned and the attitude that I have gained, I realized how important my profession is for the modern society that we are living with today.

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Abstract TO DRUG TARGET For the past few decades, there has been a respectable exploration interest in the territory of drug conveyance utilizing particulate conveyance frameworks as transporters for little and huge particles. Particulate frameworks like nanoparticles have been utilized as a physical methodology to adjust and enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of different sorts of drug particles. They have been utilized within vivo to secure the drug element in the systemic course, confine access of the medication to the picked destinations and to convey the drug at a regulated and managed rate to the site of activity. Different polymers have been utilized within the detailing of nanoparticles for drug conveyance exploration to expand helpful profit, while minimizing side impacts. Here, we survey different parts of nanoparticle plan, characterization, impact of their attributes and their requisitions in conveyance of medication atoms and restorative genes. Introduction for reflective statement The utilization of nanotechnology in medicine and all the more particularly drug conveyance is situated to spread quickly. At present numerous substances are under examination for drug conveyance and all the more particularly for growth help. Interestingly pharmaceutical sciences are utilizing nanoparticles to diminish lethality and symptoms of medications and up to as of late finished not understand that transport system themselves may force dangers to the patient. The sort of perils that are presented by utilizing nanoparticles for medication conveyance are past that postured by traditional dangers forced by chemicals in established conveyance frameworks. For nanoparticles the information on molecule danger as got in inward breath lethality demonstrates to the way industry standards to explore the potential perils of nanoparticles. The toxicology of particulate matter varies from toxicology of substances as the forming chemical(s) could conceivably be dissolvable in living lattices , therefore impacting incredibly the potential introduction of different inward organs. Then again, retained species might likewise impact the potential lethality of the breathed in particles. Discussion For nanoparticles the circumstances is distinctive as their size opens the potential for intersection the different living hindrances inside the constitution. From a positive perspective, particularly the possibility to cross the blood mind hindrance may open new routes for medication conveyance into the cerebrum. Whats more, the nanosize likewise takes into consideration access into the cell and different cell compartments including the core. An incalculable number of substances are at present under examination for the arrangement of nanoparticles for drug conveyance, fluctuating from organic substances like egg whites, gelatin and phospholipids for liposome’s, and moresubstances of a chemical nature like different polymers and strong metal holding nanoparticles. It is evident that the potential collaboration with tissues and cells, and the potential harmfulness, incredibly relies on upon the genuine arrangement of the nanoparticle definition. This paper gives a review on a p ortion of the as of now utilized frameworks for medication conveyance. In addition the potential useful utilize additionally consideration is attracted to the inquiries how we ought to continue with the security assessment of the nanoparticle plans for medication conveyance. For such testing the lessons gained from molecule lethality as connected in particle toxicology may be useful. In spite of the fact that for pharmaceutical utilize the current prerequisites appear to be satisfactory to identify a large portion of the antagonistic impacts of nanoparticle definitions, it cannot be normal that all parts of nanoparticle toxicology will be distinguished. Thus, likely extra more particular testing might be required. Later years have seen exceptional development of exploration and provisions in the territory of nanoscience and nanotechnology. There is expanding confidence that nanotechnology, as connected to drug, will acquire critical developments the determination and medicine of malady. Designed nanoparticles are a critical device to understand various these provisions. It must be distinguished that not all particles utilized for therapeutic purposes go along to the as of late proposed and now by and large acknowledged meaning of a size ≠¤100 nm.however, numerous tests must be overcome if the provision of nanotechnology is to understand the expected enhanced comprehension of the patho-physiological premise of illness, carry more refined analytic chances, and yield enhanced thereapies. Toxicological dangers of nanoparticles To utilize the potential of Nanotechnology within Nanomedicine, full consideration is required to security and toxicological issues. For pharmaceuticals particular medication conveyance details may be utilized to build the alleged helpful proportion or record being the edge between the measurement required for clinical viability and the dosage prompting side effects ( (lethality). Notwithstanding, additionally for these particular details a toxicological assessment is required. This is especially valid for the provisions of nanoparticles for drug conveyance. Medicinal necessity For medicinal purpose certain routine measures requirement to be performed which will hang on to various potential dangers. In any case, it might be expected that not all dangers are at this minute known for the utilization of nanoparticles. Advantages Nanoparticle-based drug conveyance frameworks have extensive potential for medication of tuberculosis (TB). The essential mechanical favorable circumstances of nanoparticles utilized as medication bearers are high stability, high transport limit, achievability of fuse of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and possibility of variable courses of organization, including oral provision and inhalation. Nanoparticles can likewise be intended to permit regulated (supported) drug discharge from the network. These properties of nanoparticles empower change of drug bioavailability and decrease of the dosing recurrence, and may resolve the issue of nonadherence to endorsed help, which is one of the significant deterrents in the control of TB scourges. The accompanying are around the essential innovative points of interest of nanoparticles as medication transporters: high security (i.e., long timeframe of realistic usability); high bearer limit (i.e., numerous pill particles could be c onsolidated in the molecule grid); attainability of fuse of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances; and practicality of variable courses of organization, including oral organization and inward breath. These bearers can likewise be intended to empower regulated (supported) pill discharge from the matrix.the conduct of polymeric nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract is affected by their bioadhesive properties; grip of nanoparticles to the mucosa upgrades the retention of the copartnered medication, hence expanding its bioavailability. Consequently, lectins have been indicated to enhance mucoadhesion of the pill because of the biorecognition of the lectin-united transporters by glycosylated structures in the intestine.their significant focal points, for example, change of medication bioavailability and lessening of the dosing recurrence, may make a sound support for better administration of the malady, making specifically watched medicine more pragmatic and moderate. An alte rnate significant focal point of the nanoparticles is the plausibility of the adaptable courses of pill organization, including oral and inward breath courses. Furthermore, high soundness of the nanoparticles proposes long time span of usability. It could be normal that future examination will focus on the improvement of the vectorized conveyance frameworks consolidating preferences of the colloidal bearers, for example, expansive payloads of a medication, with animated focusing to the spoiling destinations. Conclusion The achievement of this innovation will likely rely on upon toxicological issues connected with comprehension of the destiny of nanocarriers and their polymeric constituents in the physique, and end of the danger of the remaining natural solvents. In this admiration, the likelihood of utilizing pill bearers produced out of characteristic polymers (e.g., chitosan or alginate) speaks to a magnetic point of view. The utilization of Nanotechnology in solution and all the more particularly pill conveyance is situated to spread quickly. For a long time pharmaceutical sciences have been utilizing nanoparticles to lessen danger and symptoms of medications. Up to as of late it was not understood that these transporter frameworks themselves may force dangers to the patient. The sort of risks that are presented by utilizing nanoparticles for pill conveyance are past that postured by expected dangers forced by chemicals in conveyance networks. In any case, in this way, the experimental ideal mod el for the conceivable (unfavorable) reactivity of nanoparticles needs and we have small comprehension of the nuts and bolts of the cooperation of nanoparticles with living cells, organs and life forms. A theoretical comprehension of natural reactions to nanomaterials is required to create and apply sheltered nanomaterials in medication conveyance later on. Moreover a nearby coordinated effort between those working in pill conveyance and molecule toxicology is vital for the trade of ideas, strategies and skill to accelerate this issue. References Gelperina.S. et al. (2005). The Potential Advantages of Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems in Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis.American journal of Respiratory and critical care medicine. 172(12).1487-1490). Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718451/ Albrecht C, Knaapen AM, Becker, et al. The crucial role of particle surface reactivity in respirable quartz induced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species formation and APE/Ref-1 induction in rat lung.Respir Res.2005;6:129. Ã…kerman ME, Chan WCW, Laakkonen P, et al. Nonocrystal targeting in vivo.PNAS.2002;99:12617–21. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Alyautdin RN, Petrov VE, Langer K, et al. Delivery of loperamide across the blood-brain barrier with polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles.J Pharm Res.1997;14:325–8.erican Journal of Respiratory and Critical C Bourges JL, Gautier SE, Delie F, et al. Ocular drug delivery targeting the retina and retinal pigment epithelium using polylactide nanoparticles.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2003;44:3562–9 Medicine Borm PJ, Kreyling W. Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles – potential implications for drug delivery.J Nanosc Nanotechnol.2004;4:521–31. Borm PJ, Muller-Schulte D. Nanoparticles in drug delivery and environmental exposure: same size, same risks?Nanomedicine.2006;1:235–49. Benardi RJ, Lowery AR, Thompson PA, et al. Immunoshells for targeted photothermal ablation in medulloblastoma and glioma: an in vitro evaluation using human cell lines.J Neurooncol.2007 Sep 6;Epub ahead of print. Borm PJ. Particle toxicology: from coal mining to nanotechnology.Inhal Toxicol.2002;14:311–24. Cascone MG, Lazzeri L, Carmignani C, et al. Gelatin nanoparticles produced by a simple W/O emulsion as delivery system for methotrexate.J Mat Sc: Mat in Med.2002;13:523–6. Chen LC, Nadziejko C. Effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) in mice V CAPs exacerbate aortic plaque development in hyperlipidemic mice.Inhal Toxicol.2005;17:217–24. Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Gigliotti AP, et al. Cardiovascular effects of inhaled diesel exhaust in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Cardiovasc Toxicol.2003;3:353–61. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Reed W, Maronpot RR, et al. Brain inflammation and Alzheimer’s-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution.Toxicol Pathol.2004;32:650–8. Damascelli B, Patelli GL, Lanocita R, et al. A novel intraarterial chemotherapy using paclitaxel in albumin nanoparticles to treat advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: preliminary findings.Am J Roentgenol.2003;181:253–603. Donaldson K, Stone V, Tran CL, et al. Nanotoxicology.Occup Environ Med.2004;61:727–28. Duncan R. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics.Nat Rev Drug Disc.2003;2:347–60. Edetsberger M, Gaubitzer E, Valic E, et al. Detection of nanometer-sized particles in living cells using modern fluorescence fluctuation methods.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2005;332:109–16. Elder A, Gelein R, Silva V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system.Environ Health Perspect.2006;114:1172–8. Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges.Nat Rev Cancer.2005;5:161–71. Gibaud S, Demoy M, Andreux JP, et al. Cells involved in the capture of nanoparticles in hematopoietic organs.J Pharm Sci.1996;85:944–50. Gomes AJ, Lunardi LO, Marchetti JM, et al. Indocyanine green nanoparticles useful for photomedicine.Photomed Laser Surg.2006;24:514–21. Gupta AK, Curtis ASG. Surface modified supermagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery: interaction studies with human firbroblasts in culture.J Mater Sci: Mat in Med.2004;15:493–6. Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, et al. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification.Nano Lett.2004;4:2163–9. Huang M, Khor E, Lim L-Y. Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation.Pharm Res.2004;21:344–53. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food additives) Summary of Evaluations Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.INS 175.2001. Kawano T, Yamagata M, Takahishi H, et al. Stabilizing of plasmid DNA in vivo by PEG-modified cationic gold nanoparticles and the gene expression assisted with electrical pulses.J Control Release.2006;111:382–9. Kirchner C, Liedl T, Kudera S, et al. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles.Nano Letters.2005;5:331–8. Koziara JM, Lockman PR, Allen DD, et al. Paclitaxel nanoparticles for the potential treatment of brain tumors.J Control Release.2004;99:259–69. Kreuter J. Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs.Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2001;47:65–81. Lenaerts V, Nagelkerke JF, Van Berkel TJ, et al. In vivo uptake of polyisobutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles by rat liver Kupffer, endothelial, and parenchymal cells.J Pharm Sci.1984;73:980–2. Lockman PR, Koziara JM, Mumper RJ, et al. Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability.J Drug Target.2004;12:635–41. Panyam J, Zhou WZ, Prabha S, et al. Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery.FASEB J.2002;16:1217–26. Oberdà ¶rster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain.Inhalation Toxicol.2004;16:437–45.